The issuance layer — originates the obligation as a structured object
■ INSTITUTION
CARD NETWORKS
Visa · Mastercard · Amex — execute when card is chosen
▢ DOWNSTREAM
BANK RAILS
SEPA · ACH · FPS · Trustly — execute when bank-rail is chosen
▢ DOWNSTREAM
CONSUMER FINANCE
Klarna · Affirm · BNPL — execute when instalment is chosen
▢ DOWNSTREAM
PROCESSORS
Stripe · Adyen — operate against transactions, never obligations
▢ DOWNSTREAM
All current payments infrastructure operates downstream of obligation issuance. Fluxa establishes the layer where the obligation is originated, structured, and made composable. This layer did not exist as institutional infrastructure before Fluxa.